The Divine Disqualification That Destroyed Christian Messianic Claims

Let's obliterate Christianity's most fundamental claim about Jesus' messianic legitimacy by examining how the Hebrew Bible itself contains an irreversible divine curse that permanently disqualifies any descendant of Jeconiah from sitting on David's throne. The prophet Jeremiah delivered an unequivocal divine judgment that creates absolute theological impossibility for Jesus' messianic credentials, since Matthew's genealogy traces Jesus directly through the cursed Jeconiah line.

This isn't theological quibbling about genealogical details or minor interpretive differences—it's a systematic contradiction between Christian messianic claims and explicit Hebrew prophetic declarations that can only be resolved by acknowledging that early Christian authors either ignored Hebrew scriptural requirements or deliberately falsified genealogical records to support illegitimate messianic pretensions.

Jeremiah 22:30 contains the devastating divine pronouncement: "כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה כִּתְבוּ אֶת־הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה עֲרִירִי גֶּבֶר לֹא־יִצְלַח בְּיָמָיו כִּי לֹא יִצְלַח מִזַּרְעוֹ אִישׁ יֹשֵׁב עַל־כִּסֵּא דָוִד וּמֹשֵׁל עוֹד בִּיהוּדָה" (koh amar YHWH kitvu et-ha'ish hazeh ariri gever lo-yitzlach b'yamayv ki lo yitzlach mizaro ish yoshev al-kisse David u'moshel od biYhudah - "Thus says YHWH: Write this man childless, a man who shall not prosper in his days, for none of his offspring shall prosper, sitting on the throne of David and ruling again in Judah").

This divine decree creates insurmountable theological problems for Christian claims that Jesus qualifies as legitimate Davidic messiah through Joseph's genealogical line in Matthew 1:1-17, which explicitly traces descent through Jeconiah (verse 11-12). The curse represents permanent divine disqualification that cannot be overcome through apologetic maneuvering or theological reinterpretation.

The Jeconiah Curse: When Divine Judgment Became Permanent Disqualification

The Historical Context of Divine Judgment

Jeconiah (יְכָנְיָה - Y'khanyah, also called Jehoiachin יְהוֹיָכִין - Y'hoyakhin and Coniah כָּנְיָהוּ - Konyahu) ruled Judah for three months in 597 BCE before Babylonian exile, during which Jeremiah pronounced irreversible divine judgment excluding his descendants from Davidic succession. The curse emerged from Jeconiah's continuation of his father Jehoiakim's policies that violated covenant obligations and provoked divine wrath.

Biblical evidence for Jeconiah's cursed status:

  1. 2 Kings 24:8-16: Records Jeconiah's brief reign and Babylonian deportation along with royal court and skilled craftsmen

  2. 2 Chronicles 36:9-10: Parallel account emphasizing divine judgment through Babylonian conquest and exile

  3. Jeremiah 22:24-30: Extended prophetic oracle detailing divine rejection and permanent exclusion from throne

  4. Jeremiah 24:1: Vision of good and bad figs placing Jeconiah among those destined for exile and judgment

  5. Ezekiel 1:2: Chronological reference to "exile of King Jehoiachin" acknowledging his removal from throne

The historical record establishes Jeconiah as legitimate Davidic king whose divine rejection created permanent genealogical crisis for future messianic claims.

The Theological Language of Permanent Exclusion

Jeremiah's prophetic terminology employs the strongest possible Hebrew expressions for irreversible divine rejection:

Critical Hebrew terms in Jeremiah 22:30:

  1. כִּתְבוּ (kitvu - "write"): Imperative commanding permanent record of divine judgment

  2. עֲרִירִי (ariri - "childless"): Declaration of genealogical sterility for royal succession purposes

  3. לֹא־יִצְלַח (lo-yitzlach - "shall not prosper"): Double negative emphasizing complete failure of dynastic hopes

  4. מִזַּרְעוֹ (mizaro - "from his seed/offspring"): Comprehensive term including all biological descendants

  5. אִישׁ (ish - "man"): Universal designation covering any male descendant regardless of generation

  6. יֹשֵׁב עַל־כִּסֵּא דָוִד (yoshev al-kisse David - "sitting on the throne of David"): Specific reference to legitimate royal succession

The vocabulary creates absolute prohibition without temporal limitations or conditional clauses that might enable future restoration.

The Scope of Divine Prohibition

The curse encompasses comprehensive exclusion from Davidic succession rather than temporary punishment:

Elements of permanent disqualification:

  1. Royal succession prohibition: No descendant shall occupy David's throne

  2. Political authority exclusion: No ruling power in Judah permitted to Jeconiah's lineage

  3. Generational scope: Curse affects all future offspring without limitation

  4. Divine immutability: Judgment represents unchangeable divine decree rather than conditional warning

  5. Written permanence: Command to record ensures official documentation of exclusion

The theological framework eliminates any possibility for legitimate Davidic succession through Jeconiah's genealogical line.

The Jeremiah 36:30 Parallel Condemnation

Jeremiah pronounced similar divine judgment against Jeconiah's father Jehoiakim that reinforces the permanence of royal exclusion:

Jeremiah 36:30: "לָכֵן כֹּה־אָמַר יְהוָה עַל־יְהוֹיָקִים מֶלֶךְ־יְהוּדָה לֹא יִהְיֶה־לּוֹ יוֹשֵׁב עַל־כִּסֵּא דָוִד וְנִבְלָתוֹ תִהְיֶה מֻשְׁלֶכֶת לַחֹרֶב בַּיּוֹם וְלַקֶּרַח בַּלָּיְלָה" (lakhen koh-amar YHWH al-Y'hoyaqim melekh-Y'hudah lo yihyeh-lo yoshev al-kisse David v'nivlato tihyeh mushlekhet lachorev bayom v'laqerach balaylah - "Therefore thus says YHWH concerning Jehoiakim king of Judah: He shall have none to sit upon the throne of David, and his dead body shall be cast out to the heat by day and the frost by night").

The parallel judgment indicates systematic divine rejection of the Jehoiakim-Jeconiah dynasty rather than individual punishment, creating comprehensive disqualification for Davidic succession claims.

Matthew's Genealogical Disaster: When Christian Claims Meet Hebrew Curses

The Explicit Jeconiah Connection

Matthew 1:11-12 explicitly traces Jesus' genealogical descent through the cursed Jeconiah line: "Ἰωσίας δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ἰεχονίαν καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος. μετὰ δὲ τὴν μετοικεσίαν Βαβυλῶνος Ἰεχονίας ἐγέννησεν τὸν Σαλαθιήλ, Σαλαθιὴλ δὲ ἐγέννησεν τὸν Ζοροβάβελ" (Iōsias de egennēsen ton Iechonian kai tous adelphous autou epi tēs metoikesias Babylōnos. meta de tēn metoikesian Babylōnos Iechonias egennēsen ton Salathiēl, Salathiēl de egennēsen ton Zorobabel - "Josiah became the father of Jeconiah and his brothers at the time of the deportation to Babylon. After the deportation to Babylon, Jeconiah became the father of Shealtiel, and Shealtiel became the father of Zerubbabel").

Problems with Matthew's genealogical construction:

  1. Direct acknowledgment of Jeconiah as essential genealogical link between pre-exilic and post-exilic periods

  2. Explicit reference to Babylonian exile context confirming identity with cursed king

  3. Structural dependence on Jeconiah connection for bridging genealogical gap

  4. Unavoidable implication that Jesus descends from divinely disqualified royal line

  5. Complete absence of alternative genealogical pathway bypassing curse

Matthew's genealogy creates theological impossibility by making Jesus' Davidic claims dependent on descent through permanently disqualified lineage.

The Chronological Framework Problems

Matthew's genealogical scheme reveals additional problems beyond the Jeconiah curse:

Chronological issues in Matthean genealogy:

  1. Three groups of 14 generations each (verse 17) represents artificial schematic arrangement rather than historical accuracy

  2. Omission of several known Judean kings between David and Babylonian exile

  3. Compression of post-exilic period into inadequate generational framework

  4. Historical impossibility of maintaining accurate genealogical records through exile disruption

  5. Theological motivation overriding historical precision in genealogical construction

The artificial nature of Matthew's genealogy indicates theological construction rather than authentic historical documentation.

The Joseph Genealogy Contradiction

Matthew traces Jesus' descent through Joseph while simultaneously claiming virgin birth that eliminates Joseph's biological paternity:

Logical contradictions in Matthean nativity:

  1. Genealogy establishes Davidic descent through Joseph's lineage

  2. Virgin birth narrative eliminates Joseph as biological father

  3. Legal adoption insufficient for fulfilling biological descent requirements in Hebrew royal succession

  4. Davidic messianic prophecies require authentic biological descent rather than adoptive relationships

  5. Matthew's theological framework creates internal contradiction requiring simultaneous affirmation and denial of Joseph's paternity

The genealogical contradiction exposes Matthew's inability to reconcile Davidic descent claims with virgin birth theology.

The Luke Alternative: When Different Genealogies Reveal Common Problems

The Lukan Genealogical Strategy

Luke 3:23-38 provides alternative genealogy attempting to avoid Matthew's Jeconiah problem through different genealogical pathway:

Luke 3:23: "καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἀρχόμενος ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα, ὢν υἱός, ὡς ἐνομίζετο, Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ Ἠλὶ" (kai autos ēn Iēsous archomenos hōsei etōn triakonta, ōn huios, hōs enomizeto, Iōsēph tou Ēli - "And Jesus himself, when he began his ministry, was about thirty years of age, being the son, as was supposed, of Joseph, son of Eli").

Lukan genealogical characteristics:

  1. Traces descent through Nathan son of David rather than Solomon

  2. Avoids direct connection to Jeconiah line through alternative Davidic branch

  3. Employs different names for most post-exilic period compared to Matthew

  4. Extends genealogy to Adam rather than terminating with Abraham

  5. Uses "as was supposed" formula acknowledging uncertainty about Joseph's actual paternity

Luke's alternative genealogy represents attempt to resolve Matthew's Jeconiah problem while creating additional contradictions.

The Irreconcilable Genealogical Contradictions

Matthew and Luke provide completely different genealogical pathways that cannot be harmonized:

Systematic genealogical contradictions:

  1. Davidic descent route: Matthew traces through Solomon, Luke through Nathan

  2. Post-exilic names: Completely different lineages with minimal overlap

  3. Generational count: Different numbers of generations covering identical historical periods

  4. Joseph's father: Matthew claims Jacob, Luke indicates Heli

  5. Theological purpose: Matthew emphasizes royal Solomonic succession, Luke stresses universal human ancestry

The irreconcilable differences indicate separate theological constructions rather than authentic historical records.

The Nathan Line Problem

Luke's attempt to avoid Jeconiah curse through Nathan lineage creates additional theological difficulties:

Problems with Nathan genealogical strategy:

  1. Nathan was not designated heir to David's throne in biblical succession accounts

  2. Solomon received explicit divine designation for royal succession (1 Kings 1:11-40)

  3. Jeremiah's curse may extend to entire Davidic dynasty rather than specific Solomon-Jeconiah branch

  4. Royal succession required legitimacy through actual throne-holding lineage rather than alternative family branches

  5. Hebrew messianic expectations focused on Solomonic royal line restoration

Luke's genealogical strategy fails to establish legitimate Davidic royal succession while avoiding the Jeconiah disqualification.

The 1 Chronicles Solution: When Restoration Attempts Failed

The Chronicler's Genealogical Recovery

1 Chronicles 3:17-19 attempts to resolve Jeconiah's cursed status through emphasis on his sons' restoration from exile:

1 Chronicles 3:17-19: "וּבְנֵי יְכָנְיָה אַסִּר שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל בְּנוֹ וּמַלְכִּירָם וּפְדָיָה וְשֶׁנְאַצַּר יְקַמְיָה הוֹשָׁמָע וּנְדַבְיָה וּבְנֵי פְדָיָה זְרֻבָּבֶל וְשִׁמְעִי וּבֶן־זְרֻבָּבֶל מְשֻׁלָּם וַחֲנַנְיָה וּשְׁלֹמִית אֲחוֹתָם" (uvnei Y'khanyah asir She'alti'el b'no u'Malkiram u'P'dayah v'Shen'atzar Y'qamyah Hoshama u'N'davyah uvnei P'dayah Z'rubavel v'Shim'i uven-Z'rubavel M'shulam vaChananiah u'Shlomit achotam - "The sons of Jeconiah the captive: Shealtiel his son, Malkiram, Pedaiah, Shenazzar, Jekamiah, Hoshama, and Nedabiah. The sons of Pedaiah: Zerubbabel and Shimei. The sons of Zerubbabel: Meshullam and Hananiah, and Shelomith was their sister").

Chronicler's restoration strategy:

  1. Emphasis on Jeconiah as "captive" rather than cursed king

  2. Detailed genealogical documentation of post-exilic descendants

  3. Prominence of Zerubbabel as legitimate heir participating in temple restoration

  4. Implicit argument that exile punishment concluded with Persian period restoration

  5. Genealogical continuity maintaining Davidic succession claims

The Chronicler's approach represents theological reinterpretation attempting to overcome Jeremiah's curse through historical restoration emphasis.

The Zerubbabel Exception Argument

Some interpreters claim Zerubbabel's role in temple restoration indicates divine curse reversal:

Arguments for curse reversal through Zerubbabel:

  1. Zerubbabel served as Persian-appointed governor of Judah (Haggai 1:1)

  2. Prophetic support from Haggai and Zechariah suggesting divine approval

  3. Temple rebuilding leadership indicating restored divine favor

  4. Messianic language applied to Zerubbabel in Haggai 2:23

  5. Historical success contradicting Jeremiah's failure predictions

Problems with Zerubbabel exception theory:

  1. Persian governorship represents foreign appointment rather than independent Davidic kingship

  2. Temple rebuilding occurred under Persian imperial authority rather than autonomous Jewish rule

  3. Zerubbabel's historical fate remains unknown with no evidence of lasting dynasty

  4. Prophetic support insufficient to override explicit divine curse without clear reversal declaration

  5. Messianic language may represent hope rather than fulfilled reversal of Jeconiah curse

The Zerubbabel evidence proves insufficient to establish legitimate reversal of Jeremiah's comprehensive curse.

The Theological Implications: When Divine Curses Become Permanent

The Nature of Divine Immutability

Hebrew theology emphasizes divine consistency in judgment declarations that cannot be arbitrarily reversed:

Biblical principles of divine immutability:

  1. Numbers 23:19: "לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב וּבֶן־אָדָם וְיִתְנֶחָם הַהוּא אָמַר וְלֹא יַעֲשֶׂה וְדִבֶּר וְלֹא יְקִימֶנָּה" (lo ish El vykhazhev uven-adam v'yitnecham hahu amar v'lo ya'aseh v'diber v'lo y'qimennah - "God is not a man, that he should lie, or a son of man, that he should change his mind. Has he said, and will he not do it? Or has he spoken, and will he not fulfill it?")

  2. 1 Samuel 15:29: "וְגַם נֵצַח יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא יְשַׁקֵּר וְלֹא יִנָּחֵם כִּי לֹא אָדָם הוּא לְהִנָּחֵם" (v'gam netzach Yisra'el lo y'shaqqer v'lo yinnachem ki lo adam hu l'hinnachem - "And also the Glory of Israel will not lie or change his mind, for he is not a man, that he should change his mind")

  3. Malachi 3:6: "כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָה לֹא שָׁנִיתִי וְאַתֶּם בְּנֵי־יַעֲקֹב לֹא כְלִיתֶם" (ki ani YHWH lo shaniti v'atem b'nei-Ya'aqov lo kh'litem - "For I, YHWH, do not change; therefore you, sons of Jacob, are not consumed")

The theological framework indicates divine curses represent permanent declarations rather than conditional warnings subject to subsequent reversal.

The Conditional vs. Unconditional Prophecy Problem

Jeremiah's curse against Jeconiah employs unconditional prophetic language rather than conditional warnings:

Characteristics of unconditional prophetic declarations:

  1. Absence of conditional clauses ("if," "unless," "when") that might enable restoration

  2. Absolute language ("shall not," "will not") indicating permanent rather than temporary exclusion

  3. Written documentation requirement ensuring permanence rather than temporal limitation

  4. Comprehensive scope affecting all descendants rather than individual punishment

  5. Divine command structure indicating irreversible decree rather than negotiable judgment

The prophetic formula indicates divine curse represents unchangeable decree rather than conditional warning subject to behavioral modification.

The Messianic Expectation Framework

Hebrew messianic expectations required legitimate Davidic descent through unbroken royal succession:

Biblical requirements for messianic legitimacy:

  1. 2 Samuel 7:12-16: Divine covenant promising eternal Davidic dynasty through legitimate succession

  2. Psalm 89:3-4: "כָּרַתִּי בְרִית לִבְחִירִי נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְדָוִד עַבְדִּי עַד־עוֹלָם אָכִין זַרְעֶךָ וּבָנִיתִי לְדֹר־וָדֹר כִּסְאֶךָ" (karati v'rit livchiri nishba'ti l'David avdi ad-olam akhin zar'ekha uvaniti l'dor-vador kis'ekha - "I have made a covenant with my chosen one; I have sworn to David my servant: 'I will establish your offspring forever and build your throne for all generations'")

  3. Isaiah 9:6-7: Messianic figure sitting on "throne of David" requiring legitimate royal succession

  4. Jeremiah 23:5-6: Righteous branch raised up for David requiring authentic genealogical connection

  5. Ezekiel 37:24-25: David's servant ruling forever requiring legitimate dynastic succession

The messianic framework requires uncompromised Davidic succession that cannot accommodate divine disqualification through Jeconiah curse.

The Apologetic Failures: When Harmonization Becomes Theological Fraud

The "Two Genealogies" Theory

Christian apologetics frequently claims Matthew traces Joseph's lineage while Luke provides Mary's genealogy, attempting to resolve both curse problem and virgin birth contradiction:

Problems with two genealogies harmonization:

  1. Luke explicitly identifies Joseph as genealogical subject rather than Mary

  2. Hebrew genealogical practice traced descent through male lineage rather than maternal inheritance

  3. Royal succession required paternal legitimacy rather than maternal connection to Davidic line

  4. Biblical texts provide no evidence for maternal genealogical succession in royal contexts

  5. Theory requires contradicting explicit textual statements in both Matthew and Luke

The two genealogies theory represents desperate harmonization contradicting textual evidence and Hebrew cultural practices.

The "Legal vs. Biological" Distinction

Some Christian scholars distinguish between legal adoption establishing Davidic succession rights and biological descent requirements:

Problems with legal adoption theory:

  1. Hebrew royal succession required biological descent rather than adoptive relationships

  2. Divine covenant with David emphasized biological offspring rather than legal inheritance

  3. Messianic prophecies specify biological "seed" and "offspring" terminology

  4. Legal adoption insufficient to overcome divine curse affecting biological descendants

  5. Hebrew law provided no precedent for adoptive royal succession in Davidic context

Legal adoption theory fails to address fundamental biological requirements for legitimate Davidic messianic claims.

The "Curse Reversal" Argument

Apologetic scholarship sometimes claims divine mercy reversed Jeconiah's curse through Persian period restoration:

Problems with curse reversal theory:

  1. No biblical text explicitly declares Jeconiah curse reversal or modification

  2. Prophetic language employs absolute terms indicating permanent rather than temporary exclusion

  3. Persian period restoration involved foreign imperial appointment rather than autonomous Davidic kingship

  4. Zerubbabel's governorship lacked royal succession characteristics required for curse reversal

  5. Divine immutability principles contradict arbitrary curse modification without explicit reversal declaration

Curse reversal theory contradicts biblical evidence and theological principles of divine consistency.

The Historical Context: When Political Reality Confirms Prophetic Accuracy

The Post-Exilic Political Situation

Historical evidence confirms Jeremiah's prophetic accuracy regarding permanent end of independent Davidic kingship:

Post-exilic political developments:

  1. Persian period: Jewish community governed by foreign-appointed officials rather than independent kings

  2. Hellenistic period: Greek imperial control eliminating any possibility of restored Davidic monarchy

  3. Hasmonean period: Priestly rather than Davidic dynasty achieving temporary independence

  4. Roman period: Imperial control preventing any legitimate claim to restored Davidic kingship

  5. Post-70 CE: Temple destruction eliminating institutional framework for royal restoration

The historical sequence demonstrates fulfillment of Jeremiah's curse through permanent exclusion of Davidic succession.

The Zerubbabel Historical Reality

Historical evidence reveals Zerubbabel's limited role contradicting claims about curse reversal:

Zerubbabel's actual historical position:

  1. Persian-appointed governor (פחה - pechah) rather than independent king (מלך - melekh)

  2. Imperial authority derived from Persian administrative appointment rather than Davidic succession

  3. Limited jurisdiction over temple reconstruction rather than comprehensive royal authority

  4. Historical disappearance without establishing lasting dynasty or succession

  5. No evidence for independent political authority or autonomous Davidic restoration

Zerubbabel's historical career confirms curse effectiveness rather than demonstrating reversal.

The Archaeological Evidence

Archaeological discoveries support historical narrative of permanent Davidic dynasty termination:

Archaeological evidence for post-exilic Jewish governance:

  1. Persian period seals showing imperial administrative control rather than independent Jewish kingship

  2. Absence of royal Davidic inscriptions or monuments in post-exilic Palestinian archaeology

  3. Temple reconstruction inscriptions emphasizing Persian imperial authorization rather than Davidic restoration

  4. Hellenistic period material culture indicating foreign cultural and political dominance

  5. Roman period archaeological remains showing imperial control over Jewish religious and political institutions

Archaeological evidence confirms historical fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophetic curse through permanent end of Davidic royal succession.

Conclusion: The Divine Disqualification of Christian Messianic Claims

What emerges from systematic examination of Hebrew prophetic texts, genealogical evidence, and historical documentation isn't minor theological difficulties requiring creative interpretation, but absolute divine disqualification that permanently eliminates any possibility of legitimate Davidic messianic claims through Jeconiah's genealogical line.

Jeremiah 22:30 contains irreversible divine curse employing the strongest possible Hebrew terminology for permanent exclusion from Davidic succession. The prophetic language admits no conditional clauses, temporal limitations, or restoration possibilities that might enable future reversal of divine judgment.

Matthew's genealogy creates insurmountable theological problems by explicitly tracing Jesus' descent through the cursed Jeconiah line while simultaneously claiming Davidic messianic legitimacy. The genealogical connection represents theological impossibility rather than historical validation of messianic credentials.

The systematic evidence demonstrates:

  1. Divine curse employs absolute language indicating permanent rather than temporary exclusion

  2. Hebrew theological principles emphasize divine immutability preventing arbitrary curse reversal

  3. Messianic expectations require uncompromised Davidic succession incompatible with cursed lineage

  4. Historical evidence confirms prophetic accuracy through permanent end of independent Davidic kingship

  5. Christian apologetic harmonization attempts contradict textual evidence and theological principles

Luke's alternative genealogy through Nathan represents unsuccessful attempt to avoid Matthew's Jeconiah problem while creating additional contradictions and failing to establish legitimate royal succession through non-throne-holding Davidic branch.

The Jeconiah curse exposes fundamental contradiction between Hebrew scriptural requirements and Christian messianic claims that cannot be resolved through theological maneuvering or historical reinterpretation. Divine judgment represents permanent disqualification that eliminates any possibility of legitimate Davidic succession through Jeconiah's descendants.

Until Christian communities acknowledge that Matthew's genealogy creates theological impossibility rather than messianic validation, they'll continue perpetuating claims that contradict explicit Hebrew prophetic declarations about divine curse permanence.

The biblical evidence has spoken with prophetic authority: Jeremiah's curse permanently disqualifies Jesus from legitimate Davidic messianic succession through genealogical descent that violates divine judgment against Jeconiah's royal line.

That's not anti-Christian interpretation—it's basic Hebrew scriptural literacy that recognizes divine curses as permanent theological realities rather than negotiable warnings subject to Christian reinterpretation.

References

Albright, William Foxwell. "King Jehoiachin in Exile." Biblical Archaeologist 5, no. 4 (1942): 49-55.

Berger, Peter R. "Jehoiachin's Amnesty and Zerubbabel's Genealogy." Journal of Biblical Literature 109, no. 2 (1990): 289-296.

Cross, Frank Moore. "A Reconstruction of the Judean Restoration." Journal of Biblical Literature 94, no. 1 (1975): 4-18.

Davies, Philip R. In Search of 'Ancient Israel'. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 148. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.

Japhet, Sara. I & II Chronicles: A Commentary. Old Testament Library. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1993.

Johnson, Marshall D. The Purpose of the Biblical Genealogies. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.

Kugler, Robert A., and Patrick J. Hartin. An Introduction to the Bible. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.

Lipschits, Oded. The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2005.

Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000-586 B.C.E. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Miller, J. Maxwell, and John H. Hayes. A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. 2nd ed. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006.

Stern, Ephraim. Archaeology of the Persian Period. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2001.

Williamson, H.G.M. 1 and 2 Chronicles. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.

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